Awareness about Himachal Pradesh

General Knowledge including the Knowledge of Different Historic Places

The word "Himachal" is derived from two Sanskrit words, "Him" meaning "snow" and "Achal" meaning "mountain." So, Himachal translates to "mountain of snow" or "surrounded by snow."

Himachal Pradesh, a state in northern India, is renowned for its stunning landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and numerous historical sites. The region has been influenced by various dynasties and empires over the centuries, leaving a significant imprint on its architecture, religion, and culture.

Himachal Pradesh was organized on April 15, 1948, with the integration of 30 small and large princely states. Himachal Pradesh was a Chief Commissioner's Province from 1948 to 1951. From 1951 to 1956, Himachal Pradesh became a Part C state. It was made a Union Territory from 1956 to 1971 and was ultimately granted full statehood on January 25, 1971, becoming the 18th state of the country.

Himachal Pradesh is located in the Western Himalayan mountain range. It extends from latitudes 30°22'40'' N to 33°12'40'' N and longitudes 75°45'55'' E to 79°04'20'' E. The boundaries of Himachal Pradesh cover 1170 km, bordering Haryana and Uttar Pradesh in the south, Jammu and Kashmir in the north, Punjab in the west, Tibet (China) in the east, and Uttarakhand in the southeast. Himachal Pradesh is 270 km wide.

Districts bordering other countries/states include:

China (Tibet): Kinnaur and Lahaul-Spiti (200 km border)
Uttarakhand: Kinnaur, Shimla, Sirmaur
Haryana: Solan, Sirmaur
Punjab: Solan, Bilaspur, Una, Kangra, Chamba (most extensive)
Jammu & Kashmir: Chamba, Kangra
Uttar Pradesh: Sirmaur

Area and Population:

Himachal Pradesh covers a total area of 55,673 sq km, accounting for 1.7% of India's total area. In terms of size, it ranks 18th among India's 29 states (post-Telangana formation).

According to the 2011 Census, the population of Himachal Pradesh is 68,56,509, which is 0.57% of India's population. It is worth noting that in 2001, Himachal Pradesh's population constituted 0.59% of India's population, indicating a slight decline by 2011.

In terms of population, Himachal Pradesh ranks 21st among the 28 states. Overall (28 states + 8 Union Territories = 36), it ranks 22nd, as Delhi, a Union Territory, has a larger population than Himachal Pradesh.

Top Historical Places in Himachal Pradesh

The picturesque state of Himachal Pradesh is famous for its snowy mountains and hill stations, but it also boasts a rich cultural history evident in its historical temples, gompas, palaces, and forts.

Viceregal Lodge

Also known as Rashtrapati Niwas, it is situated on Observatory Hill in Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh. This site holds national historical significance as it houses manuscripts, artifacts, important documents, and photographs from the British Raj. Designed by British architect Henry Irwin, the lodge served as the residence of the Viceroy of India during the colonial period.

Naggar Castle

Built around 1460 AD, Naggar Castle is one of Himachal Pradesh's top historical monuments. Constructed from stone and wood, it offers stunning views of the Kullu Valley. The castle also serves as a museum housing historical relics and showcases the region’s heritage.

Baijnath Temple

Located in Bir, the Baijnath Temple was founded in 1204 AD and is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Known for its unique architecture set against a backdrop of mountains, this temple is one of Himachal Pradesh's most famous religious sites.

Hadimba Devi Temple

This famous temple, also known as the Hidimba Temple, is nestled in the cedar forests of Manali. Dedicated to Hadimba Devi, the cave temple is associated with the Mahabharata and features a massive rock that serves as the deity's symbol.

Champavati Temple

Located in Chamba, this temple, constructed by the king for his daughter, features intricate architecture and is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Chamba is also known for its festivals, Suhi Mata Mela and Minjar Mela.

Rock Cut Temple

Dating back to the 8th century, the Masrur Rock Cut Temple is dedicated to multiple deities. Despite damage from earthquakes, the temple continues to attract tourists and devotees who admire its intricate design.

Prashar Rishi Temple

The Prashar Rishi Temple, located near the scenic Prashar Lake, is associated with the Mahabharata. The floating island in the lake adds to the mystery of this historical site.

Key Monastery

Located in Spiti Valley, Key Monastery is over a thousand years old and the largest Buddhist monastery in the valley. It houses ancient scriptures and statues of Buddha.

Tabo Monastery

Founded by Rinchen Zangpo in Tabo village, this monastery is one of India's oldest. It features scrolls, statues, and manuscripts showcasing Buddhist teachings.

Chokling Monastery

Located in Bir, this monastery features a grand stupa and a statue of Padmasambhava. It was established in 1960 following the Tibetan exile.

Jaitak Fort

Situated atop Jaitak Hills, this fort was built in the early 18th century by Gurkha leader Ranjor Singh Thapa. It offers splendid views of the Nahan mountain ranges.

Kangra Fort

Dating back to the Trigarta Kingdom, mentioned in the Mahabharata, Kangra Fort is one of India's oldest forts. It houses ancient temples like the Laxmi Narayan and Ambika Mata temples.

National and Cultural Importance of Himachal Pradesh

Cultural Diversity: Himachal Pradesh is home to indigenous communities like Gaddis, Gujjars, Kinnars, and Lahaulis, each with unique customs and traditions. Tibetan Buddhism influences areas like Dharamshala and Spiti Valley. Traditional dance forms like Nati and Chham are part of local festivals.
Religious Significance: Known as "Dev Bhoomi" (Land of the Gods), Himachal Pradesh is home to many ancient temples and monasteries. Festivals like Kullu Dussehra and Mandi Shivaratri attract devotees nationwide.
Colonial Influence: Shimla, the summer capital of British India, boasts colonial landmarks like Viceregal Lodge and Christ Church, adding to its national historical significance.

Top Tourist Attractions in Himachal Pradesh

Shimla (The Capital City)

Once the summer capital of British India, Shimla is known for its colonial-era architecture, pleasant weather, and scenic landscapes.
- Key Attractions:
  - The Ridge and Mall Road: Iconic spots for leisurely walks, shopping, and exploring the city’s architecture.
  - Christ Church: The second oldest church in North India, built in 1857.
  - Jakhoo Temple: Dedicated to Lord Hanuman, it offers panoramic views of the city.
  - Viceregal Lodge: A historic building that once housed the British Viceroy, now an academic institution.
Manali

A popular hill station nestled in the Kullu Valley, Manali is known for adventure tourism, snow-capped mountains, and vibrant bazaars.
- Key Attractions:
  - Solang Valley: Famous for adventure sports like skiing, paragliding, and zorbing.
  - Rohtang Pass: A high-altitude mountain pass with breathtaking views, connecting the Kullu Valley to Lahaul-Spiti.
  - Hadimba Temple: A unique wooden temple dedicated to Goddess Hadimba, surrounded by towering deodar trees.
Dharamshala and McLeod Ganj

The residence of the Dalai Lama and the center of Tibetan Buddhism in India. Dharamshala is often referred to as "Little Lhasa."
- Key Attractions:
  - Namgyal Monastery and Tsuglagkhang Complex: The spiritual and political center for the Tibetan community in exile.
  - Triund Trek: A scenic trek offering panoramic views of the Dhauladhar range.
  - Dal Lake and Bhagsu Waterfall: Popular spots for relaxation and meditation.
Spiti Valley

Known as the "Middle Land" between Tibet and India, Spiti is a cold desert with Buddhist monasteries and rugged landscapes.
- Key Attractions:
  - Key Monastery: One of the oldest and most famous monasteries in the region.
  - Chandratal Lake: A crescent-shaped lake renowned for its crystal-clear waters and serene surroundings.
  - Kunzum Pass: Offers stunning views of snow-capped mountains and connects Lahaul and Spiti.
Kinnaur

Known for its apple orchards, the region is rich in Tibetan culture, and it is home to the sacred Kinnaur Kailash peak.
- Key Attractions:
  - Kinnaur Kailash Circuit Trek: A challenging trek revered by Hindus for its religious importance.
  - Sangla Valley: Famous for its picturesque landscapes and adventure activities.
  - Nako Lake: A serene lake surrounded by ancient monasteries and high-altitude villages.
Kullu

Famous for the annual Kullu Dussehra, a week-long festival that attracts people from across the country.
- Key Attractions:
  - Raghunath Temple: A significant religious site, especially during the Dussehra celebrations.
  - Great Himalayan National Park: A UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its rich biodiversity and trekking routes.
Chamba

Known for its ancient temples and handicrafts, Chamba is steeped in history and tradition.
- Key Attractions:
  - Bhuri Singh Museum: Houses artifacts and manuscripts related to the history and culture of Chamba.
  - Khajjiar: Often referred to as "Mini Switzerland," it is a meadow surrounded by dense forests and snow-capped peaks.
  - Chamba Temples: The Lakshmi Narayan Temple and Chamunda Devi Temple are important spiritual and cultural landmarks.
Mandi

Known as the "Varanasi of the Hills" due to its numerous temples, Mandi is a cultural and religious hub in Himachal Pradesh.
- Key Attractions:
  - Rewalsar Lake: A sacred site for Hindus, Sikhs, and Buddhists.
  - Prashar Lake: A stunning lake with a floating island and a temple dedicated to sage Prashar.
Dalhousie

A quaint hill station with colonial charm, surrounded by pine forests and offering a peaceful retreat.
- Key Attractions:
  - Dainkund Peak: Known as the "Singing Hill" due to the wind sounds at the summit.
  - Panchpula: A scenic picnic spot with waterfalls and streams.

Hydro Power Projects

Himachal Pradesh is often called the "Hydro Power State of India" due to its abundant water resources and mountainous terrain, which provide ideal conditions for hydroelectric projects. These projects are crucial for the state’s economy, as they generate revenue through the sale of power to other states and support local development.

Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Project
- Location: On the Sutlej River, between Shimla and Kinnaur districts
- Installed Capacity: 1500 MW
- Operator: Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN)
- This is the largest hydroelectric power station in India. It plays a vital role in power generation for the northern grid and provides electricity to several states, including Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh.
Bhakra Nangal Hydroelectric Project
- Location: On the Sutlej River, bordering Himachal Pradesh and Punjab
- Installed Capacity: 1325 MW
- Operator: Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB)
- The Bhakra Dam, one of the tallest gravity dams in the world, is part of this massive project. It supplies electricity and irrigation water to several northern states. The project is also instrumental in flood control and water supply.
Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Project
- Location: Kinnaur district, on the Sutlej River
- Installed Capacity: 1000 MW
- Operator: JSW Energy
- This project is one of the largest privately owned hydroelectric projects in India. It contributes significantly to the state’s power generation capacity and feeds into the northern grid.
Parbati Hydroelectric Project
- Location: Kullu district, on the Parbati River
- Installed Capacity: 2051 MW (when fully commissioned)
- Operator: National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC)
- The Parbati project is divided into multiple stages. The first two stages are operational, while Stage III is under development. Once fully completed, it will be one of the largest hydroelectric projects in India.
Chamera Hydroelectric Project
- Location: On the Ravi River in Chamba district
- Installed Capacity: 1530 MW (combined for Chamera I, II, and III)
- Operator: NHPC
- This series of projects provides electricity to the northern grid and helps stabilize the region’s power supply. It also contributes to the irrigation and water supply needs of the region.
Pong Dam (Maharana Pratap Sagar)
- Location: On the Beas River, Kangra district
- Installed Capacity: 396 MW
- Operator: BBMB
- The Pong Dam is primarily an irrigation project but also contributes to electricity generation. The reservoir, named Maharana Pratap Sagar, is also a major tourist attraction and supports fisheries.
Baspa II Hydroelectric Project
- Location: Kinnaur district, on the Baspa River (a tributary of the Sutlej)
- Installed Capacity: 300 MW
- Operator: JSW Energy
- This is a run-of-the-river project, which means it has minimal impact on the environment compared to large dam projects. It plays a key role in the state’s power production.
Rampur Hydroelectric Project
- Location: Near Rampur in Shimla district, on the Sutlej River
- Installed Capacity: 412 MW
- Operator: SJVN
- This is a downstream extension of the Nathpa Jhakri project and contributes to the overall generation capacity of the Sutlej basin.
Luhri Hydroelectric Project
- Location: Shimla and Kullu districts, on the Sutlej River
- Installed Capacity: 210 MW (Stage 1)
- Operator: SJVN
- Luhri is another significant project under construction that will further harness the Sutlej’s hydroelectric potential. It is part of the state’s long-term strategy to increase power generation.
Sawra Kuddu Hydroelectric Project
- Location: Shimla district, on the Pabbar River (a tributary of the Yamuna)
- Installed Capacity: 111 MW
- Operator: Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (HPPCL)
- This project aims to boost the state's capacity for hydroelectric power while providing clean energy.

Industries

Agriculture and Horticulture

Agriculture and horticulture are the backbone of Himachal Pradesh's economy, with around 90% of the population engaged in farming activities. The state is famous for producing fruits like apples, pears, peaches, and cherries, earning it the title "Apple State of India."

Apple production in districts like Shimla, Kullu, and Kinnaur is a significant industry, contributing substantially to the state’s revenue. Other horticultural crops include stone fruits, plums, kiwi, and exotic vegetables like broccoli and lettuce.

Food processing industries related to fruit products like juices, jams, pickles, and dry fruits also thrive in the state.

Hydroelectric Power Industry

Himachal Pradesh is a leading producer of hydroelectric power in India, thanks to its rivers and mountainous terrain. The state has immense potential for generating hydroelectric power, with several large, medium, and small-scale projects.

Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Plant (1500 MW) on the Sutlej River is the largest hydroelectric power station in India. Other significant projects include Bhakra Dam, Chamera Project, Parbati Hydro Electric Project, and Koldam Dam.

Himachal Pradesh sells a considerable portion of the electricity it generates to neighboring states and is a major supplier in northern India.

Tourism and Hospitality

Tourism is one of the major industries in Himachal Pradesh, supported by the state's scenic landscapes, religious sites, adventure sports, and cultural heritage. Hill stations like Shimla, Manali, Dharamshala, and Kullu are popular destinations for both domestic and international tourists.

Eco-Tourism: The state's national parks, such as Great Himalayan National Park, attract eco-tourists and wildlife enthusiasts.
Adventure Tourism: Activities like trekking, river rafting, skiing, and mountaineering are highly sought after in areas like Solang Valley and Lahaul-Spiti.
Religious Tourism: Pilgrimage spots such as McLeod Ganj, Jwalamukhi Temple, and Naina Devi Temple draw millions of visitors each year.

Pharmaceutical Industry

Himachal Pradesh has emerged as a pharmaceutical hub, especially in areas like Baddi, Nalagarh, and Solan. The Baddi-Barotiwala-Nalagarh (BBN) industrial belt is one of the largest pharmaceutical manufacturing clusters in Asia.

Major pharmaceutical companies like Cipla, Ranbaxy, Dr. Reddy's, and Sun Pharma have established production facilities in the state. These companies produce various types of drugs, including generic medicines, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and medical equipment.

The state government offers several incentives to pharmaceutical industries, including tax exemptions and subsidies on infrastructure.

Information Technology (IT) Industry

Although the IT industry in Himachal Pradesh is still developing, the state has made significant strides in promoting IT services and software development. The government is setting up IT parks and encouraging the growth of startups.

Shoghi and Solan are emerging as IT hubs, with initiatives like the Software Technology Park being developed. The state’s IT policy focuses on promoting e-governance, software exports, and BPO services.

Handicrafts and Cottage Industry

The cottage and handicrafts industry is an essential part of Himachal Pradesh's economy, providing employment to thousands of artisans in rural areas.

Pashmina shawls, Kullu shawls, Chamba rumals (hand-embroidered scarves), and wood carvings are famous worldwide for their intricate designs. Other products include metal crafts, carpets, woolen garments, and pottery.

The Himachal Pradesh Handicrafts and Handloom Corporation promotes and markets these products through various initiatives and government-backed schemes.

Cement Industry

The cement industry is one of the significant contributors to the industrial sector in Himachal Pradesh, thanks to the state's vast limestone deposits. Several large cement plants are located in the state.

Companies like Ambuja Cement, ACC, Jaypee Cement, and UltraTech Cement have set up manufacturing plants in districts like Bilaspur, Solan, and Chamba.

The state is a major cement producer in northern India, supplying construction materials to various parts of the country.

Textile Industry

Himachal Pradesh has a growing textile industry, especially in regions like Solan and Baddi. Textile manufacturing units produce fabrics, garments, and woolen goods.

Woolen textiles, particularly Kullu shawls and other traditional garments, are well-known. The production of synthetic and cotton textiles is also expanding, with several small and medium enterprises (SMEs) involved in textile manufacturing.

Food Processing Industry

The food processing industry is gaining momentum in Himachal Pradesh, primarily driven by its horticultural produce. The state government has been encouraging investment in this sector to reduce wastage of fruits and vegetables.

Processed apple products, such as apple juice, jams, chutneys, and apple cider. Other processed items include fruit wines, pickles, sauces, and herbal products.

Biotechnology

Himachal Pradesh has been actively promoting the biotechnology industry to leverage the rich biodiversity of the Himalayan region. The Biotechnology Policy aims to attract investments in areas such as bio-agriculture, bio-pharma, and bio-energy.

The government is setting up biotech parks to encourage research and innovation in this field.

Highways

Himachal Pradesh, being a mountainous state, is known for its intricate and challenging road network, which is critical for the state's connectivity, economy, and tourism Himachal's highways are vital for tourism, connecting popular destinations like Shimla, Manali, Dharamshala, and Kinnaur with major cities in the plains. These highways also play a crucial role in transporting agricultural produce like apples, vegetables, and herbs, which are major contributors to the state's economy. Highways like NH-3 (Leh-Manali) and NH-5 (Shimla-Kinnaur) are strategically important for military movements and supply lines, especially towards the Indo-China border regions.

National Highway 5 (NH-5)

Route: Fagu (Himachal Pradesh) – Shimla – Rampur – Kinnaur – Shipki La (India-China border)
NH-5 is a crucial highway that connects Himachal Pradesh with Haryana, Punjab, and Tibet via the Shipki La pass on the Indo-Tibetan border. It passes through Shimla, the state capital, and serves as a major trade route for transporting goods.

This highway traverses scenic mountainous terrain, including apple orchards in Shimla and Kinnaur, making it vital for both tourism and agriculture. It also connects with other major highways for interstate transportation.

National Highway 3 (NH-3)

Route: Manali – Leh
NH-3, also known as the Leh-Manali Highway, is one of the most popular routes for tourists and adventurers heading to Ladakh. This highway connects Himachal Pradesh with the Union Territory of Ladakh.

The highway passes through Rohtang Pass and Baralacha La, known for their breathtaking views. It is a lifeline for both military supplies to Leh and tourism in the Lahaul-Spiti valley.

National Highway 154 (NH-154)

Route: Pathankot (Punjab) – Nurpur – Kangra – Mandi
NH-154 is a key highway that links Pathankot in Punjab with Kangra and Mandi in Himachal Pradesh. It serves as an important route for people traveling from the plains to popular tourist destinations like Dharamshala and Palampur.

The highway passes through the beautiful Kangra Valley and is an important connector for various smaller towns in the region.

National Highway 305 (NH-305)

Route: Aut – Luhri – Jalori Pass – Khanag
NH-305 connects Aut (near Kullu) with the Jalori Pass, one of the lesser-known but scenic mountain passes in Himachal Pradesh.

The highway is popular with adventure travelers and trekkers visiting the Great Himalayan National Park and other remote areas in the Kullu and Banjar regions.

National Highway 707 (NH-707)

Route: Paonta Sahib – Renukaji – Shillai – Hatkoti – Rohru
NH-707 runs through the southern parts of Himachal Pradesh, connecting Paonta Sahib in the Sirmaur district to Rohru in the Shimla district. It’s an important road for locals and serves religious tourists visiting Paonta Sahib, a significant Sikh pilgrimage site.
This highway connects to other important roads leading to agricultural and horticultural regions in Himachal Pradesh, including the apple-growing belts of Rohru.

National Highway 503 (NH-503)

Route: Hoshiarpur (Punjab) – Gagret – Kangra – McLeod Ganj – Manali
NH-503 is a popular route for tourists heading to Dharamshala, McLeod Ganj, and Palampur. It also provides access to Kangra, home to the famous Kangra Fort and temples.

The highway runs through Himachal Pradesh’s tea estates and scenic valleys, making it an important route for tourism and the local tea industry.

National Highway 707A (NH-707A)

Route: Hatkoti – Tikri
This highway connects parts of the Shimla district with Rohru and Hatkoti, a significant apple-growing area. It is critical for the transportation of horticultural produce, especially apples.

The road is surrounded by apple orchards, making it crucial for the state's economy.

National Highway 105 (NH-105)

Route: Pinjore (Haryana) – Nalagarh – Swarghat – Bilaspur
NH-105 connects the industrial town of Nalagarh with the plains of Haryana. It is a vital route for trade and industrial transportation from the Baddi-Nalagarh industrial belt.

This highway also serves as an alternate route for travelers heading to Manali and Bilaspur from the Chandigarh region.

National Highway 205 (NH-205)

Route: Chandigarh – Bilaspur – Mandi
NH-205 connects Chandigarh with Bilaspur and Mandi, two major towns in Himachal Pradesh. It is an important route for travelers heading to tourist destinations like Manali, Kullu, and Mandi.

The highway provides access to the Bhakra Dam, one of the largest dams in India, located near Bilaspur.

Educational and other Institutions of the state

Himachal Pradesh is home to several prestigious educational institutions and other significant establishments, contributing to the state's academic, technical, and professional development.

Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mandi

Established: 2009
IIT Mandi is one of the newer IITs in India but has quickly risen as a leading institute for engineering, science, and technology. Situated in the serene Kamand Valley, it offers undergraduate (B.Tech), postgraduate (M.Tech), and doctoral (Ph.D.) programs in various disciplines like computer science, mechanical engineering, and biotechnology. Known for its focus on innovation, sustainable technology, and collaboration with industries and other academic institutions.

National Institute of Technology (NIT), Hamirpur

Established: 1986
NIT Hamirpur is among India’s top engineering institutions and offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in engineering, architecture, and computer applications. The campus is well-equipped with modern labs, research centers, and innovation hubs.
Departments: Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Architecture etc.

Himachal Pradesh University (HPU), Shimla

Established: 1970
HPU is the premier university of the state, located in the capital city of Shimla. It offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs across various disciplines like arts, sciences, commerce, management, law, and social sciences. The university also emphasizes research in Himalayan studies. The university affiliates many colleges across Himachal Pradesh.
Notable Courses: B.A., M.A., MBA, LLB, Ph.D.

Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan

Established: 1985
Named after Himachal Pradesh’s first Chief Minister, this university is dedicated to the education and research in horticulture and forestry. It is known for its significant contributions to the agricultural sector of the state, particularly in apple and other fruit production. The university plays a crucial role in advancing research in sustainable farming practices, a key sector in Himachal's economy.
Areas: Horticulture, Forestry, and Agricultural Sciences.

Indira Gandhi Medical College (IGMC), Shimla

Established: 1966
IGMC is the oldest and most prominent medical college in Himachal Pradesh. It offers undergraduate (MBBS), postgraduate (MD/MS), and diploma courses in various medical fields. The college is also attached to a multi-specialty hospital providing healthcare services to the region. Known for conducting important medical research and contributing to public health initiatives in Himachal Pradesh.

Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala

Established: 2009
This central university offers programs across humanities, sciences, and commerce. It has two campuses in Dharamshala and Dehra and provides undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral education in disciplines such as economics, environmental science, English, and social work. The university aims to be a hub for quality higher education in the northern regions of India.

Himachal Pradesh Technical University (HPTU), Hamirpur

Established: 2011
HPTU focuses on technical education, offering various undergraduate and postgraduate programs in engineering, management, and pharmacy. The university oversees a large number of technical colleges across Himachal Pradesh. HPTU is responsible for affiliating technical institutions in Himachal, ensuring standardization in technical and professional education.

Himachal Pradesh National Law University (HPNLU), Shimla

Established: 2016
HPNLU is one of the newest national law universities in India, providing undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in law and legal studies. The university aims to develop legal professionals through quality education and research in the field of law.
Courses Offered: BA LLB, LLM, Ph.D. in Law.

Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College (JNGEC), Sundernagar

Established: 2006
JNGEC is a government-run engineering institution offering degrees in various engineering streams. It is affiliated with Himachal Pradesh Technical University (HPTU) and plays an important role in technical education in the state.

Knowledge about the famous personalities from the state

Himachal Pradesh has produced several notable personalities across various fields, from politics and sports to arts and culture.

Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar
- Field: Politics
- Notable Contributions: He was the first Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh and played a pivotal role in its formation as a separate state in 1948. Known as the "Architect of Himachal Pradesh," Parmar is celebrated for his contributions to the state's development and progress. He was a strong advocate for the cultural identity of the hill regions and led efforts for the integration of hill states into Himachal Pradesh.
Anupam Kher
- Field: Acting
- Notable Contributions: Born in Shimla, Anupam Kher is an acclaimed actor in Indian cinema, having worked in over 500 films. He has won several National Film Awards and Filmfare Awards. Kher is known for his versatile roles in films like Saaransh, Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, and Special 26. Apart from films, he is also a noted theatre actor and has served as the Chairman of the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII).
Prem Chopra
- Field: Acting
- Notable Contributions: Another celebrated actor from Himachal Pradesh, Prem Chopra, hails from Shimla. Known for playing villainous roles in Bollywood during the 1970s and 1980s, he appeared in iconic films such as Bobby, Do Raaste, and Upkar. His dialogue delivery and on-screen presence made him one of the most recognizable faces in Indian cinema.
Vikram Batra
- Field: Military
- Notable Contributions: Captain Vikram Batra was a Param Vir Chakra awardee (India’s highest military honor) for his bravery during the Kargil War (1999). Born in Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, he is celebrated as a national hero for leading an operation to recapture Point 4875 from Pakistani intruders, where he laid down his life. His valor and the famous words, "Yeh dil maange more!" during the operation have left a lasting legacy. His life was depicted in the 2021 Bollywood film Shershaah.
Pratibha Singh
- Field: Politics
- Notable Contributions: Wife of former Chief Minister Virbhadra Singh, Pratibha Singh is an influential politician from Himachal Pradesh. She has served multiple terms as a Member of Parliament from the Mandi constituency. She carries forward the political legacy of the Singh family, which has had a significant impact on Himachal Pradesh’s political landscape.
Dalip Singh Rana (The Great Khali)
- Field: Wrestling
- Notable Contributions: Hailing from Dhiraina village in Sirmaur, Dalip Singh Rana, better known as The Great Khali, is a renowned professional wrestler who gained international fame in the WWE. His towering height and unique wrestling style made him a global star. In addition to his wrestling career, Khali has also appeared in several Hollywood and Bollywood films.
Kangana Ranaut
- Field: Acting
- Notable Contributions: Born in Bhambla (Mandi), Kangana Ranaut is an acclaimed actress in Bollywood. Known for her bold and unconventional roles, she has won several National Film Awards for movies like Queen, Tanu Weds Manu, and Manikarnika. Kangana is also known for speaking out on social and political issues, making her a controversial yet highly regarded figure in Indian cinema.
Sushma Verma
- Field: Sports (Cricket)
- Notable Contributions: Born in Shimla, Sushma Verma is a prominent cricketer who plays as a wicketkeeper-batswoman for the Indian women’s cricket team. She was part of the squad that reached the final of the 2017 ICC Women's World Cup. Her performance on the field has made her one of the prominent sportspersons from the state.
Charanjit Singh
- Field: Sports (Hockey)
- Notable Contributions: Charanjit Singh, born in Una, Himachal Pradesh, was the captain of the Indian field hockey team that won the gold medal at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. His leadership and skill played a crucial role in India’s success in international hockey during the 1960s.

Current affairs of Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh Assembly Passes Bill Ending Pensions for Defectors - September 7, 2024
- The Himachal Pradesh Assembly passed the Legislative Assembly (Allowances and Pension of Members) Amendment Bill 2024, introduced by CM Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu, to stop pensions for MLAs disqualified under the anti-defection law.
- The bill stipulates that disqualified members under the Tenth Schedule will not receive pensions and includes provisions for recovering pensions already drawn.
Himachal Assembly to Introduce Zero Hour After SOPs Are Framed - September 6, 2024
- Himachal Pradesh Speaker Kuldeep Singh Pathania announced that Zero Hour will be introduced in the assembly after establishing standard operating procedures (SOPs).
- Zero Hour will allow urgent public interest issues to be raised, with the Speaker having discretion over the issues discussed and responses provided.
Himachal Pradesh raised minimum marriage age for women to 21 years - August 28, 2024
- The Himachal Pradesh State Assembly passed a Bill increasing the minimum marriage age for women from 18 to 21 years, aiming to promote gender equality and access to higher education.
- Introduced by Women Empowerment Minister Dhani Ram Shandil, the Bill amends the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, to address early marriage's impact on women's careers and physical development.
Himachal Launches Nutritious Food Scheme for Schoolchildren - August 23, 2024
- CM Sukhu launched Mukhyamantri Bal Paushtik Aahar Yojana, adding eggs/fruits weekly to the midday meal for nursery to Class 8 students across 15,181 schools.
- Rs 12.75 crore allocated for additional nutrition; 17,510 teachers to get tablets for digital education.
- The government targets education quality improvement with global exposure for teachers and new day boarding schools.
HP Cabinet approved Rationalisation of Zero Electricity Bill provision - July 15, 2024
- The Himachal Pradesh Cabinet approved rationalising zero electricity bills for domestic users, limiting the subsidy to 'one family one meter' and linking power connections with ration cards.
- Subsidies for several high-ranking officials and taxpayers were abolished.
- Himachal Pradesh capitals: Shimla (Summer), Dharamshala (Winter).
- CM: Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu.
- Governor: Shiv Pratap Shukla.
Rampant forest fires ravaged Himachal Pradesh - May 27, 2024
- Himachal Pradesh recorded 627 forest fire incidents since April, destroying 6,048 hectares of forest land.
- The fires, fueled by dry weather and flammable pine needles, are prevalent in districts like Shimla, Solan, and Kangra.
- Despite upcoming elections, the environmental crisis caused by these fires remains largely overlooked in political discussions.
SJVN launched India's 1st Green Hydrogen Project in Himachal Pradesh - April 26, 2024
- Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam inaugurated India's first multi-purpose green hydrogen pilot project at Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station in Himachal Pradesh.
- The project will produce hydrogen for the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) Coating Facility and generate 25 kW electricity.
- Aimed at advancing green hydrogen as a clean energy source, aligning with the National Green Hydrogen Mission.
HPCA Stadium becomes first Indian venue with hybrid pitch technology - April 16, 2024
- The Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association to introduce hybrid pitch technology into their practice facilities.
- SISGrass, Based in the Netherlands, invested in the first-ever hybrid pitch installation in the picturesque HPCA Stadium in Dharamshala.
- This cutting-edge technology will transform the game by providing a more durable, consistent, and high-performing playing surface.
ECI launched ‘Mission 414’ campaign in Himachal Pradesh - March 18, 2024
- The Election Commission has initiated 'Mission 414' in Himachal Pradesh, targeting a higher voter turnout at 414 polling stations that had registered under 60% turnout in the previous Lok Sabha elections.
- The campaign efforts have been aimed at enhancing democracy, coinciding with by-polls for six Assembly seats and four Lok Sabha seats on June 1.
- Himachal Pradesh CM - Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu
I&B Minister launched 3rd phase of Sansad Khel Mahakumbh in HP - March 5, 2024
- Union Information & Broadcasting Minister Anurag Singh Thakur launched the 3rd phase of Sansad Khel Mahakumbh at Luhnu Cricket Ground in Bilaspur district in Himachal Pradesh.
- He mentioned about participation of 45 thousand youth in the second phase of Sansad Khel Mahakumbh.
- He stated, this program has proved effective in keeping the youth away from drugs and making them aware of sports.

History of Himachal-from medieval to present time

Himachal Pradesh has a rich and diverse history, shaped by various dynasties, invasions, and cultural influences. Its history can be traced back to the ancient period.

Medieval History of Himachal Pradesh

During the medieval period, the region that is now Himachal Pradesh was divided into small kingdoms and princely states. The major dynasties that ruled these regions included the Rajputs, the Katoch dynasty, and several smaller hill principalities.

Rajput Kingdoms and Dynasties (Medieval Period)

Katoch Dynasty (Kangra Kingdom): The Katoch dynasty, one of the oldest dynasties in India, ruled over the Kangra region. The Kangra fort is a testament to their power and influence. The Katochs were skilled warriors and frequently engaged in battles with neighboring kingdoms, including attacks from the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire.
Chamba Kingdom: The Chamba dynasty was founded in 920 AD by Raja Sahil Varman. It flourished under the Rajput rulers who built several temples and palaces, many of which still stand today. The region remained independent for much of its history, though it occasionally came under Mughal control.
Sirmaur Dynasty: The kingdom of Sirmaur, founded in the 11th century, was ruled by Rajputs. It was located in the southeastern part of present-day Himachal Pradesh. The region's capital, Nahan, was an important political and cultural center.
Kullu Kingdom: The Kullu Valley was ruled by the Pal dynasty during the medieval period. Kullu’s rulers focused on maintaining religious traditions, which can be seen in the numerous temples dedicated to local deities. Kullu was relatively isolated and preserved its culture, despite periodic threats from external forces like the Mughals.
Mughals in Himachal: The Mughal Empire, particularly under Akbar, exerted control over parts of Himachal Pradesh, especially Kangra and Chamba. The Mughals had a policy of respecting local rulers and often allowed them to govern as long as they paid tribute. Jahangir captured the Kangra fort in 1620 after a long siege, marking a period of Mughal dominance in the region.

Later Medieval Period

By the late medieval period, the influence of the Mughal Empire began to decline. The hill states regained some autonomy, but their political situation remained fragmented.

Colonial Period (British Era)

British Influence and Annexation (19th Century)

After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the small hill kingdoms enjoyed relative independence, but this changed with the rise of the British East India Company and later British control over India. Himachal Pradesh saw increasing British interest due to its strategic location, pleasant climate, and proximity to Tibet.

Anglo-Gorkha War (1814-1816): One of the most significant events of the early colonial period was the Anglo-Gorkha War. The Gorkhas from Nepal had expanded into the Himachal region, taking control of areas like Shimla, Sirmaur, and Kangra. The British defeated the Gorkhas in this war, and the Treaty of Sugauli (1815) forced the Gorkhas to cede territories to the British.
Establishment of British Rule: After the Anglo-Gorkha War, Himachal’s hill states became British protectorates. The British allowed the local rulers to continue governing, but under British supervision. The British began establishing hill stations like Shimla, which became the summer capital of British India in 1864. This marked the start of British influence over Himachal’s political and social landscape.
Shimla: Shimla became a vital center for the British government. The city witnessed significant political developments, including meetings and agreements related to the partition of India and the boundary negotiations between British India and Tibet (such as the Simla Convention of 1914).

Role of Hill States in Freedom Movement

While most of the hill states were relatively peaceful under British rule, the early 20th century saw the rise of nationalist movements. Some of the smaller hill states, such as Bilaspur and Chamba, began to feel the impact of the Indian freedom movement. Many leaders from Himachal took part in the Non-Cooperation Movement and Quit India Movement.

The Praja Mandal movement began in the 1930s, aiming for democratic reforms and the end of princely autocracy in Himachal’s hill states. These movements were supported by the Indian National Congress and marked the beginning of political activism in the region.

Post-Independence Period

Formation of Himachal Pradesh (1948)

After India gained independence in 1947, the princely states of Himachal Pradesh were faced with the choice of either merging with India or remaining independent. The hill states chose to merge with India, and Himachal Pradesh was formed as a Chief Commissioner's Province on April 15, 1948, by merging 30 princely states of the region.

Integration of Hill States: The states of Mandi, Bilaspur, Chamba, Sirmaur, and others were unified to form the province of Himachal Pradesh. This marked the end of the princely era and the beginning of a modern administrative structure.
Bilaspur Merger (1954): The state of Bilaspur was merged into Himachal Pradesh in 1954, further consolidating the region.

Becoming a Union Territory (1956)

Himachal Pradesh became a Union Territory in 1956 during the reorganization of states in India, giving it a distinct administrative identity.

Statehood (1971)

The most significant development in Himachal’s recent history came in 1971 when it was granted full statehood on January 25, 1971. This was made possible by the efforts of various leaders, including Dr. Y. S. Parmar, the state’s first Chief Minister, who played a vital role in advocating for statehood. Himachal Pradesh became the 18th state of India.

Modern Period and Development

Since gaining statehood, Himachal Pradesh has undergone significant socio-economic development. Key areas of focus include:

Agriculture: Himachal Pradesh has developed a robust agricultural base, with a focus on apple orchards, horticulture, and vegetable farming.
Hydropower: The state has utilized its river systems for generating hydroelectric power, making it one of the largest producers of hydropower in India.
Tourism: Himachal has emerged as a major tourist destination due to its natural beauty, religious sites, and adventure sports. Destinations like Manali, Shimla, Dharamshala, and Kullu attract tourists from across the globe.
Education and Health: Himachal Pradesh has achieved high literacy rates and has made substantial progress in healthcare facilities, especially in rural areas.
Environmental Conservation: Given its fragile Himalayan ecosystem, Himachal Pradesh has undertaken several environmental conservation measures. It was one of the first states in India to ban the use of plastic bags.

Geography- including the weather, borders, rivers, mountain-ranges, passes, peaks

Himachal Pradesh (HP) is known for its scenic beauty, nestled in the Western Himalayas of northern India. Its geography includes towering mountain ranges, lush valleys, fast-flowing rivers, and high-altitude passes, making it one of India's most picturesque and geographically diverse states.

Geography of Himachal Pradesh

Location: Himachal Pradesh lies in the northern part of India.
Borders:
- North: Jammu and Kashmir (now a Union Territory).
- East: Tibet (China) borders the state along its eastern boundary.
- South-East: Uttarakhand.
- West and South-West: Punjab and Haryana.
- South: Uttar Pradesh.

Topography Himachal Pradesh can be divided into three main topographical regions:

The Shivalik Range (Lower Himalayas): This range extends along the southern part of the state and is the outermost range of the Himalayas. It has lower altitudes and is characterized by hills and valleys.
The Lesser Himalayas: Also called the Pir Panjal Range, this region is more rugged with higher altitudes, deep valleys, and significant snow during winter.
The Greater Himalayas (Trans-Himalayas): In the northernmost part of the state, these ranges include some of the tallest peaks and highest mountain passes. The landscape here is more rugged and barren, particularly in the cold desert areas of Lahaul-Spiti.

Weather and Climate

The climate of Himachal Pradesh varies widely depending on the altitude and region:

Lower regions (Shivalik): The weather in the southern part of the state, like Kangra, Una, and Bilaspur, is more temperate, with hot summers (temperatures reaching 35°C) and mild winters (temperatures ranging between 5-15°C). Rainfall is moderate, with the region receiving ample monsoons.
Mid-regions (Lesser Himalayas): Places like Shimla, Kullu, and Manali have pleasant summers (15-30°C) and cold winters, with snowfall in winter months. Rainfall is heavier here, especially during the monsoon season from June to September.
Higher regions (Greater Himalayas): The Lahaul-Spiti and Kinnaur areas have extreme weather conditions, with cold, harsh winters (temperatures dropping below -20°C) and short, cool summers. These areas receive very little rainfall and are known as cold deserts.

Mountain Ranges

Himachal Pradesh is home to several key Himalayan ranges:

Shivalik Range: This is the outermost range of the Himalayas, forming the foothills of Himachal. The altitudes here are low (300–1,500 meters).
Pir Panjal Range: It runs parallel to the Shivalik range, extending into the central part of Himachal Pradesh, with altitudes ranging from 4,500 to 6,000 meters. The Rohtang Pass cuts through this range.
Dhauladhar Range: This range is part of the Lesser Himalayas and is characterized by sharp peaks and steep slopes. The Triund Hill near Dharamshala is part of the Dhauladhar range.
Zanskar Range: This range forms the boundary between Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh. It is part of the Greater Himalayas and is known for its rugged terrain and cold desert landscape.

Rivers

Himachal Pradesh is blessed with several fast-flowing rivers that originate from the Himalayas:

Ravi: Originates in the Bara Bhangal region of the Kangra district and flows into Punjab.
Beas: Originates from the Beas Kund near Rohtang Pass. It flows through Kullu and Kangra valleys before entering Punjab.
Sutlej (Satluj): The longest river in the state, the Sutlej originates from Lake Rakshastal near Mount Kailash in Tibet. It enters Himachal near Shipki La Pass and flows through districts like Kinnaur and Shimla.
Chenab: Originating from the Baralacha La in Lahaul, it flows through the rugged terrain of the Lahaul-Spiti district before entering Jammu and Kashmir.
Yamuna: It forms the southeastern boundary of Himachal Pradesh, flowing through districts like Sirmaur and into Uttarakhand.

Mountain Passes

Mountain passes are vital in connecting different regions of the state and to the neighboring regions of Ladakh and Tibet:

Rohtang Pass (3,978 meters): It connects Kullu Valley with Lahaul-Spiti and is one of the most popular high-altitude passes for tourists. It remains snow-covered for half the year.
Baralacha La (4,890 meters): It is located on the Leh-Manali highway and connects Lahaul with Ladakh.
Kunzum Pass (4,551 meters): This pass connects Lahaul and Spiti valleys. It remains closed in winter due to heavy snowfall.
Shipki La (4,720 meters): A vital pass that connects Himachal Pradesh with Tibet. It serves as a trade route, with the Sutlej River flowing through it.
Jalori Pass (3,120 meters): Located in the Kullu district, this pass connects Kullu and Shimla regions.

Peaks

Himachal Pradesh is home to numerous lofty peaks, popular among mountaineers and adventure enthusiasts:

Reo Purgyil (6,816 meters): The highest peak in Himachal Pradesh, located in the Kinnaur district, near the Tibet border.
Indrasan (6,221 meters): A significant peak in the Pir Panjal Range, often considered challenging for climbers.
Deo Tibba (6,001 meters): Located near Manali, it is a popular trekking destination.
Shilla (6,132 meters): A challenging peak located in the Spiti Valley of Himachal Pradesh.

Lakes

Dal Lake: Located near McLeod Ganj in Kangra district, it is a small but picturesque lake surrounded by deodar trees.
Prashar Lake: A beautiful lake in Mandi district, surrounded by snow-capped peaks.
Chandra Taal: A crescent-shaped lake in the Spiti Valley, known for its crystal-clear waters and high-altitude desert surroundings.

Knowledge of customs and culture of HP: including the costumes, customs, fair and festivals etc.

Himachal Pradesh (HP) is rich in culture, customs, traditions, and vibrant festivals that reflect its unique heritage. The state's cultural diversity comes from its various tribes and communities, and it is deeply influenced by nature, mythology, and historical events. Here's a brief overview of its customs, costumes, fairs, and festivals:

Costumes of Himachal Pradesh

The costumes of Himachal Pradesh reflect the state's cultural diversity and its adaptation to the cool climate of the region. The traditional attire varies across different districts and tribes:

Men's Attire:
- Kurta and Churidar Pajama: Men typically wear a long kurta paired with churidar pajamas or loose-fitting trousers.
- Chola or Cholu: In certain regions, like Kullu, men wear the Chola, a woolen garment suited for colder climates.
- Caps (Topi): Himachali men wear distinctive colorful caps, with designs and styles varying across regions like Kullu, Kinnaur, and Chamba. Kullu caps are often plain, while Kinnauri caps feature geometric patterns.
Women's Attire:
- Ghagra or Chola: Women in rural areas often wear a Ghagra (a long skirt) or Chola, especially in regions like Kullu and Kinnaur.
- Rahide and Chaddar: In some regions, women drape themselves in the Rahide (a woolen scarf) and Chaddar (shawl), often embroidered or intricately designed.
- Jewelry: Women commonly adorn themselves with silver jewelry, including earrings, nose rings, bangles, and necklaces. Some communities also use gold jewelry for special occasions.

Customs of Himachal Pradesh

The customs in Himachal Pradesh are closely tied to the people’s connection with nature, their religious beliefs, and the agrarian lifestyle. Some of the important customs include:

Deity Worship (Devta Tradition): Many villages in Himachal Pradesh have a local deity (Devta) or goddess who is believed to protect the community. These deities are worshipped regularly, and grand processions are held during festivals.
Marriage Customs: Marriages are celebrated with elaborate rituals. In some parts, arranged marriages are common, and the bride often wears traditional attire such as the Ghagra or Lehenga. Dowry is generally avoided, and the presence of community deities is important during the ceremonies.
Kangra Painting and Folk Art: Himachal Pradesh is known for its rich tradition of Kangra miniature painting, inspired by nature and religious themes. Folk art and crafts, including pottery and weaving, are also a significant part of the state's customs.
Dances and Music: Folk dances such as Nati, Kullu Nati, and Chham are a big part of the state's cultural expression, performed during festivals and celebrations. Music often features local instruments like the Ranasingha and Shehnai.

Fairs and Festivals in Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh has many unique festivals and fairs that are tied to religious beliefs, agricultural cycles, and local traditions:

Kullu Dussehra: A week-long celebration in October that starts when Dussehra ends in the rest of the country. It’s a grand festival where local deities are carried in a procession, and various cultural performances take place.
Lohri: Celebrated in January, this festival marks the end of winter. People gather around bonfires, singing folk songs, and throwing offerings into the fire to thank the gods for a bountiful harvest.
Maha Shivratri: Celebrated especially in the town of Mandi, it’s a significant festival where hundreds of local deities are carried in a procession. This festival lasts for a week and features cultural performances and fairs.
Baisakhi: This is a spring harvest festival, celebrated in April. It holds special importance in Himachal's agrarian communities.
Minjar Mela (Chamba): A traditional fair held in the town of Chamba in August to celebrate the harvest of maize. The fair is marked by processions, music, dance, and rituals that honor the local deities.
Losar Festival: Primarily celebrated in Lahaul-Spiti and Kinnaur, it marks the Tibetan New Year. The festival involves elaborate rituals, offerings, and masked dances.

Folk Dances of Himachal Pradesh

Nati: A popular folk dance performed in various districts, especially Kullu and Shimla, during festivals and marriage celebrations. It is performed in circles with synchronized foot movements.
Chham Dance: A religious dance performed by Buddhist monks, usually during Losar and other significant events in the Lahaul and Spiti regions.
Gugga Dance: This dance is performed to appease a snake god known as Gugga in many parts of the state.

How's article quality?

Page Contents